GSES過去論文因素結構彙整 (12/3更新）

GSES之原作者以CFA與PCA驗證量表的因素結構，結果為單一因素結構。
資料出處：Scholz, U., Gutiérrez-Doña, B., Sud, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2002). Is general self-efficacy a universal construct? Psychometric findings from 25 countries. European Journal of Psychological
Assessment, 18(3), 242-251. （點選書目可以看到全文）

以下表格彙整了我在Medline與PsycInfo二個資料庫當中，搜尋到的一般自我效能量表 (General self-efficacy scale, GSES)的因素結構驗證的結果。
結果共有八篇論文探討GSES的因素結構。
資料分析方式以羅序分析與驗證性因素分析為主。
論文的研究族群差異頗大，包含SCI個案、病態肥胖的成人、中老年人、一般成人、大學生、思覺失調症個案。
結果顯示GSES為單一因素者佔多數，也有研究結果顯示GSES為二因素、三因素或二階三因素結構。
又，結果為單一因素結構的五篇論文中，有三篇的結果顯示GSES為明顯的單一因素結構。一篇的結果顯示：刪除量表的前三題後，GSES為明顯的單一因素結構GSES。一篇的結果顯示GSES雖為單一因素結構，但可解釋變異量未達50%。
由此彙整結果可知：GSES之因素結構較可能是單一因素結構。

出處	資料分析方式	研究族群	結果
Claudio, P., Alarcos, C., & Szilvia, G. (2014). Rasch analysis of the General Self-Efficacy Scale in spinal cord injury. Journal of Health Psychology, 19, 544-555.	Rasch analysis	SCI	1.       overall fit to the Rasch model 2.       high reliability (rp = 0.92) 3.       ordered response scale structure 4.       no DIF
Bonsaksen, T., Kottorp, A., Gay, C., Fagermoen, M. S., & Lerdal, A. (2013). Rasch analysis of the General Self-Efficacy Scale in a sample of persons with morbid obesity. Health & Quality of Life Outcomes, 11, 202.	Rasch analysis	adults with morbid obesity	1.      delete item1~3 2.      Cronbach’s alpha=0.93 3.    First component explained 64.5% of total variance 4.      separate the respondents into three distinct levels 5.      DIF in relation to age, education or work status
Leung, D. Y., & Leung, A. Y. (2011). Factor structure and gender invariance of the Chinese General Self-Efficacy Scale among soon-to-be-aged adults. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67, 1383-1392.	CFA	community-dwelling Chinese soon-to-be-aged adults	1.          One factor model (CFI = 0.96, SRMR = 0.04 and RMSEA = 0.06 ) 2.          both genders demonstrating an equivalent pattern of factor loadings 3.          Cronbach’s alpha= 0.89
Yildirim, F., & Ilhan, I. O. (2010). [The validity and reliability of the general self-efficacy scale-Turkish form]. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 21, 301-308.	EFA	18 years of age that had at least 5 years of education	1.          3-factor structure 2.          explained 41.5% of the observed variance 3.          Cronbach's alpha = 0.80 4.          test-retest reliability = 0.69.
Wu, C. H. (2009). Factor analysis of the general self-efficacy scale and its relationship with individualism/collectivism among twenty-five countries: Application of multilevel confirmatory factory analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 699-703.	Conventional confirmatory factor analysis	persons from 25 countries	1.          single latent factor structure 2.          χ 2 (35) = 1645.19, p < 0.01, CFI = 0.971, TLI = 0.963, RMSEA = 0.049
Scherbaum, C. A., Cohen-Charash, Y., & Kern, M. J. (2006). Measuring General Self-Efficacy: A Comparison of Three Measures Using Item Response Theory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 1047-1063.	IRT	students enrolled at a large northeastern university	1.     unidimensionality 2.          first eigenvalue accounted 43%.
Chiu, F. P., & Tsang, H. W. (2004). Validation of the Chinese general self-efficacy scale among individuals with schizophrenia in Hong Kong. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 27, 159-161.	EFA	schizophrenia	1.          internal consistency (0.92-0.93) 2.          test re-test reliability (0.75-0.94) 3.          two-factor solution explaining 69.0% of variance
Bosscher, R. J., & Smit, J. H. (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 36, 339-343.	CFA	Aging population	a model with 3 correlated factors and one higher-order factor